328 THE CLASS STRUGGLE THE BIOLOGY OF PEACE 329 officials, our bishops and headmasters, our successful lawyers and doctors, and all their trusty deputies, assistants, retainers, and faithful servants. 161. On the other hand if the type of mind in control were neither of the two extremes; neither stable or unstable, such a directing intelligence or group of intellegence (162) would abandon the static view of society, would reach out towards new powers for human activity, would discover the natural inclinations in man, and would cultivate intercommunication and altruism, would make time and space their quarry, destiny and the human soul the lands they would invade; they would sail their ships into the gulfs of the ether and lay tribute upon the sun and stars.
Trotter does not hint how this type could be set up in the seats of the mighty. Plato told us of the philosopher statesman who would rule the model Republic. But we have a right to ask how the formula is to be compounded. Shall we seek out the ethical man, or shall we first reconstruct society so that the unethical stable minded cannot creep into power? Trotter does not answer.
This brings us to the scientifically saddest part of Trotter essay. He recognizes three types of gregariousness, the aggressive form, as among the wolves and dogs; the defensive type, as among the sheep or oxen; and the socialized form of gregariousness of the bees and ants. He says: Socialized gregariousness is the goal of man development. 167. Well and good.
Having laid this down in the course of his analysis we are introduced into a vicious reasoning by analogy, the type of reasoning that played such havoc with the biological school of sociology as well as almost every philosophic camp. The philosopher, Fechner, built up his animistic theory on the following logical grounds. Living man is possessed of heat.
The earth has warmth in it. Therefore the earth has life. need not seek some specious reasoning to illustrate the point for the sociologists, Trotter will serve the purpose.
The wolf type of gregariousness, we are told, is vicious, aggressive. The pack is irresistible from attack because of cooperation, the individuals are very sensitive to leadership, they react with confidence often at the risk of their lives for the pack. They have war cries, barks and yelps of all kinds to spur on action. This is point number one in the reasoning.
Hic Rhodus, hic salta!
Germany is aggressor in this war. The Germans are irresistible in attack, are overconfident, they fight with great sacrifice, they withstand the most brutal discipline in the interest of the nation, they assiduously utilize hymns of hate and other war cries to spur on the soldiers. This is point number two.
The reader can see point number three, the crowning achievement, THEREFORE Germany is the wolf type of gregariousness, the lupine type par excellence. The wolf is the father of the war song, and it is among peoples of the lupine type alone that the war song is used with real serious.
ness. 186. It is true, Germany has cultivated the proverbial hate for the enemy. But are we without it? Our calling the Germans Huns in placard and magazine and newspaper, in parodies and in songs, what is it all for? And if we do it, are we lupine. The author vaguely admits that war cries are used by his native land, England, but he assures us they have not the same mission as those used by the Germans!
Having established with precision that Germany is the lupine type, having firmly laid down that premise, we are treated to another precise induction. Listen to Trotter trotting at the following pace (200. psychological hint of great value may be obtained from our knowledge of those animals whose gregariousness, like that of the Germans, is of the aggressive type.
And what is that, do tell. Why, when Nero, or Topsie, or Towser bites baby or does some other canine